{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18/s3504","title_num":"18","num":"§ 3504.","heading":"Litigation concerning sources of evidence","status":null,"guid":"idbeb4849b-4aa6-11eb-bce4-d6beeb6aa2d0","source_credit":"(Added Pub. L. 91–452, title VII, § 702(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 935.)","seq_in_title":1172,"parent_identifier":"/us/usc/t18/ptII/ch223","ancestors":[{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18","level":"title","num":"Title 18—","heading":"CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE","status":null,"is_section":false},{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18/ptII","level":"part","num":"PART II—","heading":"CRIMINAL PROCEDURE","status":null,"is_section":false},{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18/ptII/ch223","level":"chapter","num":"CHAPTER 223—","heading":"WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE","status":null,"is_section":false}],"xml":"
§ 3504. Litigation concerning sources of evidence(a) In any trial, hearing, or other proceeding in or before any court, grand jury, department, officer, agency, regulatory body, or other authority of the United States—(1) upon a claim by a party aggrieved that evidence is inadmissible because it is the primary product of an unlawful act or because it was obtained by the exploitation of an unlawful act, the opponent of the claim shall affirm or deny the occurrence of the alleged unlawful act;\n\n(2) disclosure of information for a determination if evidence is inadmissible because it is the primary product of an unlawful act occurring prior to June 19, 1968, or because it was obtained by the exploitation of an unlawful act occurring prior to June 19, 1968, shall not be required unless such information may be relevant to a pending claim of such inadmissibility; and\n\n(3) no claim shall be considered that evidence of an event is inadmissible on the ground that such evidence was obtained by the exploitation of an unlawful act occurring prior to June 19, 1968, if such event occurred more than five years after such allegedly unlawful act.\n\n\n(b) As used in this section “unlawful act” means any act the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other device (as defined in section 2510(5) of this title) in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or any regulation or standard promulgated pursuant thereto.\n\n(Added Pub. L. 91–452, title VII, § 702(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 935.)\n\nStatutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries\nCongressional Statement of Findings

Pub. L. 91–452, title VII, § 701, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 935, provided that: “The Congress finds that claims that evidence offered in proceedings was obtained by the exploitation of unlawful acts, and is therefore inadmissible in evidence, (1) often cannot reliably be determined when such claims concern evidence of events occurring years after the allegedly unlawful act, and (2) when the allegedly unlawful act has occurred more than five years prior to the event in question, there is virtually no likelihood that the evidence offered to prove the event has been obtained by the exploitation of that allegedly unlawful act.”\n

\n\nApplicability to Proceedings

Pub. L. 91–452, title VII, § 703, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 936, provided that: “This title [enacting this section and provisions set as notes under this section] shall apply to all proceedings, regardless of when commenced, occurring after the date of its enactment [Oct. 15, 1970]. Paragraph (3) of subsection (a) of section 3504, chapter 223, title 18, United States Code, shall not apply to any proceeding in which all information to be relied upon to establish inadmissibility was possessed by the party making such claim and adduced in such proceeding prior to such enactment.”\n

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