{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18/s953","title_num":"18","num":"§ 953.","heading":"Private correspondence with foreign governments","status":null,"guid":"idbc5d4e5d-4aa6-11eb-bce4-d6beeb6aa2d0","source_credit":"(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 744; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)","seq_in_title":366,"parent_identifier":"/us/usc/t18/ptI/ch45","ancestors":[{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18","level":"title","num":"Title 18—","heading":"CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE","status":null,"is_section":false},{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18/ptI","level":"part","num":"PART I—","heading":"CRIMES","status":null,"is_section":false},{"identifier":"/us/usc/t18/ptI/ch45","level":"chapter","num":"CHAPTER 45—","heading":"FOREIGN RELATIONS","status":null,"is_section":false}],"xml":"<section xmlns=\"http://xml.house.gov/schemas/uslm/1.0\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:dcterms=\"http://purl.org/dc/terms/\" style=\"-uslm-lc:I80\" id=\"id74938f11-3b28-11eb-ad8c-9fba61cd9daf\" identifier=\"/us/usc/t18/s953\"><num value=\"953\">§ 953.</num><heading> Private correspondence with foreign governments</heading><content>\n<p style=\"-uslm-lc:I11\" class=\"indent0\">Any citizen of the United States, wherever he may be, who, without authority of the United States, directly or indirectly commences or carries on any correspondence or intercourse with any foreign government or any officer or agent thereof, with intent to influence the measures or conduct of any foreign government or of any officer or agent thereof, in relation to any disputes or controversies with the United States, or to defeat the measures of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.</p>\n<p style=\"-uslm-lc:I11\" class=\"indent0\">This section shall not abridge the right of a citizen to apply, himself or his agent, to any foreign government or the agents thereof for redress of any injury which he may have sustained from such government or any of its agents or subjects.</p>\n</content><sourceCredit id=\"id74938f12-3b28-11eb-ad8c-9fba61cd9daf\">(<ref href=\"/us/act/1948-06-25/ch645\">June 25, 1948, ch. 645</ref>, <ref href=\"/us/stat/62/744\">62 Stat. 744</ref>; <ref href=\"/us/pl/103/322/tXXXIII/s330016/1/K\">Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K)</ref>, <date date=\"1994-09-13\">Sept. 13, 1994</date>, <ref href=\"/us/stat/108/2147\">108 Stat. 2147</ref>.)</sourceCredit>\n<notes type=\"uscNote\" id=\"id74938f13-3b28-11eb-ad8c-9fba61cd9daf\">\n<note style=\"-uslm-lc:I74\" topic=\"historicalAndRevision\" id=\"id74938f14-3b28-11eb-ad8c-9fba61cd9daf\"><heading class=\"centered smallCaps\">Historical and Revision Notes</heading><p style=\"-uslm-lc:I21\" class=\"indent0\">Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 5 (<ref href=\"/us/act/1909-03-04/ch321/s5\">Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, § 5</ref>, <ref href=\"/us/stat/35/1088\">35 Stat. 1088</ref>; <ref href=\"/us/act/1932-04-22/ch126\">Apr. 22, 1932, ch. 126</ref>, <ref href=\"/us/stat/47/132\">47 Stat. 132</ref>).</p>\n<p style=\"-uslm-lc:I21\" class=\"indent0\">The reference to any citizen or resident within the jurisdiction of the United States not duly authorized “who counsels, advises or assists in such correspondence with such intent” was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of principal in section 2.</p>\n<p style=\"-uslm-lc:I21\" class=\"indent0\">Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in the alternative.</p>\n<p style=\"-uslm-lc:I21\" class=\"indent0\">Minor changes of arrangement and in phraseology were made.</p>\n</note>\n<note style=\"-uslm-lc:I74\" role=\"crossHeading\" topic=\"editorialNotes\" id=\"id74938f15-3b28-11eb-ad8c-9fba61cd9daf\"><heading class=\"centered\"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note>\n<note style=\"-uslm-lc:I74\" topic=\"amendments\" id=\"id74938f16-3b28-11eb-ad8c-9fba61cd9daf\"><heading class=\"centered smallCaps\">Amendments</heading><p style=\"-uslm-lc:I21\" class=\"indent0\">1994—<ref href=\"/us/pl/103/322\">Pub. L. 103–322</ref> substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000” in first par.</p>\n</note>\n</notes>\n</section>","provision":null,"duplicates":[],"release":{"label":"116-252","currency_date":"2020-12-22","congress":116,"law_num":252,"excluded_laws":[],"update_num":null,"seq":222,"is_partial":false,"caveat":null,"titles_affected":["18","20","31","34","40","42"],"ingested_titles":[]},"served_from":{"label":"116-252","currency_date":"2020-12-22","congress":116,"law_num":252,"excluded_laws":[],"update_num":null,"seq":222,"is_partial":false,"caveat":null,"titles_affected":["18","20","31","34","40","42"],"ingested_titles":[]},"content_first_seen":{"label":"116-214","currency_date":"2020-12-05","congress":116,"law_num":214,"excluded_laws":[],"update_num":null,"seq":218,"is_partial":false,"caveat":null,"titles_affected":["02","09","11a","15","16","18","18a","20","21","22","28a","31","37","38","39","40","41","51","52","54"],"ingested_titles":[]},"is_exact":true,"note":null}