Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 28, U.S.C. 1940 ed., § 211, and [section 864 of title 48], U.S.C., 1940 ed., Territories and Insular Possessions ([Apr. 12, 1900, ch. 191, § 35], [31 Stat. 85]; [Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 116], [36 Stat. 1131]; [Jan. 28, 1915, ch. 22], §§ 1, 2, [38 Stat. 803]; [Mar. 2, 1917, ch. 145, § 42], [39 Stat. 966]; [Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229], §§ 1, 13, [43 Stat. 936], 942; [Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, § 1], [45 Stat. 54]; [Feb. 28, 1929, ch. 363, § 1], [45 Stat. 1346]; [May 17, 1932, ch. 190], [47 Stat. 158]).
Form of section was simplified.
The District of Columbia was added as a separate circuit. This is in accord with the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which held the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia to be a circuit court of appeals within the Transfer [Act of Sept. 14, 1922, ch. 305], [42 Stat. 837], incorporated in the Judicial Code as § 238(a), but repealed by [act Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229, § 13], [43 Stat. 942]. (See Swift and Co. v. U.S., 1928, 48 S.Ct. 311, 276 U.S. 311, 72 L.Ed. 587.)
In recognizing the District of Columbia as a separate circuit, the Supreme Court recently used this language: “* * * the eleven circuits forming the single federal judicature * * *”. Comm’r. v. Bedford’s Estate, 65 S.Ct. 1157, at page 1160, 325 U.S. 283, 89 L.Ed. 611.
See [section 17 of title 28], U.S.C., 1940 ed., providing, “For the purposes of sections 17–23 of this title, the District of Columbia shall be deemed to be a judicial circuit * * *”, and [act Dec. 23, 1944, ch. 724], [58 Stat. 925], which amended [section 215 of title 28], U.S.C., 1940 ed., incorporated in [section 42 of this title]. Such amendment provided that for the purposes of said section 215 “the District of Columbia shall be deemed to be a judicial circuit.”
Many other acts of Congress have recognized the District of Columbia as a separate circuit. (See the following acts; [Aug. 24, 1937, ch. 754], [50 Stat. 751]; [Feb. 11, 1938, ch. 25], [52 Stat. 28]; [Aug. 5, 1939, ch. 433], [53 Stat. 1204]; [Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 501], [53 Stat. 1223]; [Dec. 29, 1942, ch. 835], [56 Stat. 1094]; [May 11, 1944, ch. 192], [58 Stat. 218]; [Dec. 23, 1944, ch. 724], [58 Stat. 925].)
See also the following acts recognizing the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia as a circuit court of appeals: [Aug. 15, 1921, ch. 64], [42 Stat. 162]; [July 5, 1935, ch. 372], [49 Stat. 454]; [Aug. 24, 1937, ch. 754], [50 Stat. 751]; [Apr. 6, 1942, ch. 210], [56 Stat. 198]; [May 9, 1942, ch. 295], [56 Stat. 271]. See also Rule 81(d) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
In the following cases the Supreme Court of the United States has recognized the status of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia as a permanent establishment within the federal judicial system: O’Donoghue v. United States, 1933, 53 S.Ct. 740, 289 U.S. 516, 77 L.Ed. 1356; Federal Trade Commission v. Klesner, 1927, 47 S.Ct. 557, 274 U.S. 145, 71 L.Ed. 972; Claiborne-Annapolis Ferry v. United States, 1932, 52 S.Ct. 440, 285 U.S. 382, 76 L.Ed. 808; United States v. California Canneries, 1929, 49 S.Ct. 423, 279 U.S. 553, 73 L.Ed. 838.
Alaska, Canal Zone, and Virgin Islands were added to the 9th, 5th, and 3rd Circuits, respectively, to conform to [section 1294 of this title].
Some of the provisions of [section 864 of title 48], U.S.C., 1940 ed., have been retained in said title. For those which were incorporated in other sections of this revised title, see Distribution Table.
Editorial Notes
Amendments1982—[Pub. L. 97–164] increased number of judicial circuits from twelve to thirteen through addition of Federal circuit composed of all Federal judicial districts.
1980—[Pub. L. 96–452] substituted “twelve” for “eleven” in text preceding table, substituted “District of the Canal Zone” for “Alabama, Canal Zone, Florida, Georgia” in item relating to fifth circuit, and added new item relating to eleventh circuit.
1951—Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted reference to Guam in that part relating to composition of Ninth judicial circuit.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by [Pub. L. 97–164] effective Oct. 1, 1982, see [section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164], set out as a note under [section 171 of this title].
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment[Pub. L. 96–452, § 12], Oct. 14, 1980, [94 Stat. 1996], provided that: “This Act and the amendments made by this Act [amending this section and sections 44 and 48 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1981.”
Termination of United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone
For termination of the United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone at end of the “transition period”, being the 30-month period beginning Oct. 1, 1979, and ending midnight Mar. 31, 1982, see Paragraph 5 of Article XI of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and sections 2101 and 2201 to 2203 of [Pub. L. 96–70, title II], Sept. 27, 1979, [93 Stat. 493], formerly classified to sections 3831 and 3841 to 3843, respectively, of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals[Pub. L. 105–119, title III, § 305], Nov. 26, 1997, [111 Stat. 2491], established Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals, directed Commission to study division of United States into judicial circuits, study structure and alignment of Federal Court of Appeals system, and report to President and Congress its recommendations of changes needed to expeditiously and effectively dispose of caseload of Federal Courts of Appeals, consistent with fundamental concepts of fairness and due process, provided for Commission’s membership and compensation of members and staff, authorized appropriations, and provided for termination of Commission 90 days after submission of its report.
Assignment of Judges and Procedure for Administration of Pending Cases With Regard to Reorganization of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals[Pub. L. 96–452], §§ 5–10, Oct. 14, 1980, [94 Stat. 1994], 1995, provided that:
“Sec. 5. Each circuit judge in regular active service of the former fifth circuit whose official station on the day before the effective date of this Act [Oct. 1, 1981]—“(1) is in Louisiana, Mississippi, or Texas is assigned as a circuit judge of the new fifth circuit; and
“(2) is in Alabama, Florida, or Georgia is assigned as a circuit judge of the eleventh circuit.
“Sec. 6. Each judge who is a senior judge of the former fifth circuit on the day before the effective date of this Act [Oct. 1, 1981] may elect to be assigned to the new fifth circuit or to the eleventh circuit and shall notify the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts of such election.
“Sec. 7. The seniority of each judge—“(1) who is assigned under section 5 of this Act; or
“(2) who elects to be assigned under section 6 of this Act;
shall run from the date of commission of such judge as a judge of the former fifth circuit.
“Sec. 8. The eleventh circuit is authorized to hold terms or sessions of court at New Orleans, Louisiana, until such time as adequate facilities for such court are provided in Atlanta, Georgia.
“Sec. 9. The provisions of the following paragraphs of this section apply to any case in which, on the day before the effective date of this Act [Oct. 1, 1981], an appeal or other proceeding has been filed with the former fifth circuit:“(1) If the matter has been submitted for decision, further proceedings in respect of the matter shall be had in the same manner and with the same effect as if this Act [amending sections 41, 44, and 48 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] had not been enacted.
“(2) If the matter has not been submitted for decision, the appeal or proceeding, together with the original papers, printed records, and record entries duly certified, shall, by appropriate orders, be transferred to the court to which it would have gone had this Act been in full force and effect at the time such appeal was taken or other proceeding commenced, and further proceedings in respect of the case shall be had in the same manner and with the same effect as if the appeal or other proceeding had been filed in such court.
“(3) A petition for rehearing or a petition for rehearing en banc in a matter decided before the effective date of this Act [Oct. 1, 1981], or submitted before the effective date of this Act and decided on or after the effective date as provided in paragraph (1) of this section, shall be treated in the same manner and with the same effect as though this Act had not been enacted. If a petition for rehearing en banc is granted, the matter shall be reheard by a court comprised as though this Act had not been enacted.
“Sec. 10. As used in sections 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of this Act, the term—“(1) ‘former fifth circuit’ means the fifth judicial circuit of the United States as in existence on the day before the effective date of this Act [Oct. 1, 1981];
“(2) the term ‘new fifth circuit’ means the fifth judicial circuit of the United States established by the amendment made by section 2(2) of this Act [amending item relating to the fifth circuit in this section]; and
“(3) the term ‘eleventh circuit’ means the eleventh judicial circuit of the United States established by the amendment made by section 2(3) of this Act [adding item relating to the eleventh circuit in this section].”
Administrative Action by Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals; Termination of Court[Pub. L. 96–452, § 11], Oct. 14, 1980, [94 Stat. 1996], provided that: “The court of appeals for the fifth circuit as constituted on the day before the effective date of this Act [Oct. 1, 1981] may take such administrative action as may be required to carry out this Act [amending sections 41, 44, and 48 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section]. Such court shall cease to exist for administrative purposes on July 1, 1984.”
Appeals Court Administrative Units[Pub. L. 95–486, § 6], Oct. 20, 1978, [92 Stat. 1633], provided that: “Any court of appeals having more than 15 active judges may constitute itself into administrative units complete with such facilities and staff as may be prescribed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, and may perform its en banc function by such number of members of its en banc courts as may be prescribed by rule of the court of appeals.”
Northern Mariana Islands[Pub. L. 95–157, § 1(a)], Nov. 8, 1977, [91 Stat. 1265], provided that the Northern Mariana Islands be part of the same judicial circuit as Guam, i.e., the Ninth Circuit. See [section 1694(a) of Title 48], Territories and Insular Possessions.
Commission on Revision of the Federal Appellate System[Pub. L. 92–489], Oct. 13, 1972, [86 Stat. 807], as amended by [Pub. L. 93–420], Sept. 19, 1974, [88 Stat. 1153], provided for the establishment, membership, travel expenses, personnel, experts and consultants, administrative and research services, cooperation of other governmental agencies, and appropriations of not to exceed $606,000 of a Commission on Revision of the Federal Court Appellate System which Commission was to study the geographical division of the judicial circuits and the structure and internal procedures of the appellate court system and to report to the President, Congress, and the Chief Justice its recommendations for changes in the geographical boundaries of the circuits to expedite disposition of judicial business and for changes in the appellate court structure to expedite disposition of the appellate courts caseload in a manner consistent with fundamental concepts of fairness and due process. The Commission was to cease existence ninety days after submission of its final report, which report was submitted June 20, 1975.
Continuation of Organization of Court[Act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 2(b)], [62 Stat. 985], provided in part that the provisions of this title as set out in section 1 of act June 25, 1948, with respect to the organization of each of the several courts therein provided, shall be construed as continuations of existing law, and the tenure of the judges, officers, and employees thereof and of the United States attorneys and marshals and their deputies and assistants, in office on Sept. 1, 1948, shall not be affected by its enactment, but each of them shall continue to serve in the same capacity under the appropriate provisions of this title, pursuant to his prior appointment.